Leabra stands for local, error-driven and associative, biologically realistic algorithm, and was originally developed in O’Reilly (1996). It is the basis for the Computational Cognitive Neuroscience textbook (O’Reilly et al., 2012) and its predecessor (O’Reilly & Munakata, 2000). Much of the content here is now based on Axon which uses discrete spiking instead of the rate-code activations used in Leabra. Otherwise, all of the same principles and motivations behind Leabra apply to Axon, which is the next logical progression of the overall effort to develop a computationally tractable and biologically accurate model of the mammalian brain.